Characteristics of women with type 2 diabetes and heart failure in Spain. The DIABET-IC study.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is the second most common initial presentation of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM carries an increased risk of HF in women. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and the treatment received by women with HF and T2DM in Spain. METHODS: The DIABET-IC study included 1517 patients with T2DM in 2018-2019 in Spain, in 30 centers, which included the first 20 patients with T2DM seen in cardiology and endocrinology clinics. They underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and analysis, with a 3-year follow-up. Baseline data are presented in this study. RESULTS: 1517 patients were included (501 women; aged 67.28 ± 10.06 years). Women were older (68.81 ± 9.90 vs. 66.53 ± 10.06 years; p < 0.001) and had a lower frequency of a history of coronary disease. There was a history of HF in 554 patients, which was more frequent in women (38.04% vs. 32.86%; p < 0.001), and preserved ejection fraction being more frequent in them (16.12% vs. 9.00%; p < 0.001). There were 240 patients with reduced ejection fraction. Women less frequently received treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (26.20% vs. 36.79%), neprilysin inhibitors (6.00% vs. 13.51%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (17.40% vs. 23.08%), beta-blockers (52.40% vs. 61.44%), and ivabradine (3.60% vs. 7.10%) (p < 0.001 for all), and 58% received guideline-directed medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A selected cohort with HF and T2DM attending cardiology and endocrinology clinics did not receive optimal treatment, and this finding was more pronounced in women.

Treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia with icosapent ethyl in patients with high/very high cardiovascular risk. Consensus document of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología [Spanish Society of Cardiology] and the Sociedad Española de Diabetes [Spanish Diabetes Society].

The Working Groups of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the Sociedad Española de Cardiología and Cardiovascular Disease of the Sociedad Española de Diabetes have prepared a consensus document on the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with high/very-high-cardiovascular risk with icosapent ethyl, a highly purified and stable eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. This document is necessary since there are differences among the three main omega-3 fatty acids and there is large-scale clinical evidence with icosapent ethyl that demonstrates that in addition to its efficacy in lowering triglyceridaemia, it reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in both patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and in those with type 2 diabetes, with a good safety profile. The number needed to treat to avoid a major cardiovascular event is analysed, comparing it with other pivotal studies of pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular prevention, and an estimate of the Spanish population likely to be treated with ethyl icosapent is carried out. These recommendations are of interest to all clinicians who manage patients with lipid metabolism disorders, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Association of the KDIGO Risk Classification with the Prevalence of Heart Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The objectives of this study were to determine the main characteristics associated with the presence of heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and specifically to assess the association of the risk classification proposed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines with HF. The DIABET-IC study is a multicentre, observational, prospective and analytical study in T2DM patients recruited in Spanish hospitals. This work, which features a cross-sectional design, has been conducted with the data obtained at the inclusion visit. The main dependent variable analysed was the presence of HF. The predictive variables evaluated were the demography, clinic, laboratory testing (including natriuretic peptides) and echocardiography. Patients were classified according to the number of vascular territories with atherosclerotic involvement and the KDIGO risk category. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk posed by the various baseline variables to present HF at the time of study inclusion. The study included 1517 patients from 58 hospitals, with a mean age of 67.3 (standard deviation (SD): 10) years, out of which 33% were women. The mean DM duration was 14 (SD: 11) years. The prevalence of HF was 37%. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of HF were increased age (odds ratio (OR) per 1 year = 1.02; p = 0.006), decreased systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg = 0.98; p < 0.001), decreased haemoglobin (OR per 1 g/dL = 0.86; p < 0.001), the presence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OR = 1.61; p = 0.006), the absence of hepatic steatosis (OR = 0.59; p = 0.016), the severity of atherosclerotic involvement (OR 1 territory = 1.38 and OR > 1 territory = 2.39; p = 0.02 and p < 0.001 respectively) and the KDIGO risk classification (high-risk OR = 2.46 and very high-risk OR = 3.39; p < 0.001 for both). The KDIGO risk classification is useful to screen for the presence of HF in T2DM patients. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to carry out a systematic screening for HF in the high- and very high-risk KDIGO categories.

Enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y tratamiento conservador. Estudio comparativo de supervivencia y síntomas / Advanced chronic kidney disease in elderly under renal replacement therapy and conservative treatment. Comparative survival and symptoms study

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de la elevada prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos, sigue siendo incierto el beneficio en términos de supervivencia y control de los síntomas del tratamiento renal sustitutivo frente al tratamiento renal conservador en esta población. Analizamos estos dos objetivos en ambas modalidades de tratamiento. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo de pacientes mayores de 75 años en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y tratamiento renal conservador. Se realizaron un análisis de supervivencia y una valoración de la sintomatología utilizando la escala POS-S Renal en consulta multidisciplinar de tratamiento renal sustitutivo y en unidades de tratamiento renal sustitutivo. Resultados: Analizamos 82 pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo y 37 pacientes en TRS. Los pacientes en tratamiento renal sustitutivo tuvieron mayor comorbilidad (Charlson) y peor situación funcional (Karnofsky). La mediana de supervivencia en el grupo de tratamiento renal sustitutivo fue de 26,9 meses (IC95% 19,6-34,2) frente a una media de 30,5 meses (IC95% 27,46-33,67) en el grupo tratamiento renal sustitutivo (p=0,014 a favor de diálisis). Los dos grupos presentaron gran variedad de síntomas, siendo la debilidad el más prevalente e intenso en ambos (97% tratamiento renal sustitutivo y 98% tratamiento renal conservador). La valoración a los 0,12 y 24 meses mostró que el número e intensidad de los síntomas se mantuvo estable en ambas terapias, sin diferencias clínicas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento renal sustitutivo se asocia a mayor supervivencia que el tratamiento renal conservador, sin embargo, los síntomas percibidos en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada son muy prevalentes y no apreciamos diferencias al comparar ambos tratamientos. La evaluación regular de los síntomas mediante un equipo multidisciplinar es útil en el manejo clínico de pacientes en ambas terapias.

Abstract Introduction: Despite the high prevalence of advanced chronic kidney disease for elderly, survival and symptom burden are uncertain for patients commencing renal replacement therapy versus patients managed with supportive care without dialysis (RSC-NFD). We examined these outcomes in both treatment modalities. Methods: Prospective cohort study of RSC-NFD and renal replacement therapy patients older than 75-years-old. A survival analysis and Symptoms were measured using POS-S Renal Scale in a multidisciplinary RSC-NFD clinic and in renal replacement therapy units. Results: 82 RSC-NFD patients and 37 renal replacement therapy patients were included in the study. RSC-NFD patients presented significant comorbidity (Charlson) and worse functional situation (Karnofsky). Median survival in the RSC-NFD treatment was 26.9 months (95%CI 19.6-34.2) vs mean 30.5 months (95% CI 27.46-33.67) in renal replacement therapy group (p 0.014 in favour of dialysis). Both treatments presented a wide variety of symptoms, being weakness the most prevalent and intense in both groups (97% renal replacement therapy and 98% RSC-NFD). The evaluation at 0,12 and 24 months showed that the number and intensity of symptoms remained stable in both therapies and there were no clinical differences. Conclusions: Dialysis is associated with a survival advantage from RSC-NFD. However, the perceived symptoms in advanced chronic kidney disease are highly prevalent and we didn`t appreciate differences comparing both treatments. Routine symptom assessment by a multidisciplinary team can be useful in clinical practice of patients in renal replacement therapy and RSC-NFD.

Evaluación y manejo del riesgo cardiovascular residual en el paciente con diabetes / Evaluation and management of residual cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes

La presencia de diabetes (tipos 1 y 2) incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. A pesar de un control metabólico adecuado y un tratamiento de los factores de riesgo vascular hasta alcanzar los objetivos recomendados por las guías clínicas, el riesgo cardiovascular residual de algunos pacientes con diabetes puede ser muy elevado. Es necesario por ello estratificar de la forma más precisa posible el riesgo vascular del paciente individual. Estrategias consolidadas para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes son la reducción agresiva del colesterol LDL, el control de la presión arterial, la consecución del mejor control posible de la HbA1c, sin inducir hipoglucemias, la utilización de fármacos hipoglucemiantes con beneficio cardiovascular y el empleo de antiagregantes en los pacientes de mayor riesgo inicial. Estrategias emergentes para pacientes con riesgo muy alto o extremo serían la utilización de fármacos destinados a reducir las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos y la inflamación

Presence of diabetes (types 1 and 2) increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite adequate metabolic control and treatment of vascular risk factors until the goals recommended by the clinical practice guidelines are achieved, residual cardiovascular risk may be very high in some patients with diabetes. Stratifying the vascular risk for each patient as precisely as possible is therefore necessary. Consolidated strategies to improve patient prognosis include aggressive reduction of LDL cholesterol, blood pressure control, achievement of the best HbA1c control possible without inducing hypoglycemia, use of hypoglycemic drugs shown to have cardiovascular benefits, and use of platelet aggregation inhibitors in patients with greater initial risk. Emerging strategies for patients with very high or extreme risk would include use of drugs intended to decrease triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and inflammation

Evaluation and management of residual cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. / Evaluación y manejo del riesgo cardiovascular residual en el paciente con diabetes.

Presence of diabetes (types 1 and 2) increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite adequate metabolic control and treatment of vascular risk factors until the goals recommended by the clinical practice guidelines are achieved, residual cardiovascular risk may be very high in some patients with diabetes. Stratifying the vascular risk for each patient as precisely as possible is therefore necessary. Consolidated strategies to improve patient prognosis include aggressive reduction of LDL cholesterol, blood pressure control, achievement of the best HbA1c control possible without inducing hypoglycemia, use of hypoglycemic drugs shown to have cardiovascular benefits, and use of platelet aggregation inhibitors in patients with greater initial risk. Emerging strategies for patients with very high or extreme risk would include use of drugs intended to decrease triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and inflammation.

Riesgo de mortalidad total y cardiovascular según la clasificación propuesta por las guías KDIGO en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / Total and cardiovascular mortality risk according to KDIGO guidelines classification in type 2 diabetic patients

Antecedentes y objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar la validez de la clasificación de riesgo KDIGO 2012 para predecir mortalidad total (MT) y cardiovascular (MCV) en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo incluyendo pacientes con DM2. Los puntos finales clínicos fueron MT y MCV. La principal variable predictora fue la clasificación KDIGO, una variable que recoge 4 niveles de riesgo en dependencia de una combinación de la tasa de filtración glomerular y la excreción de albúmina urinaria. La evaluación del poder predictivo se realizó con el índice de mejora de discriminación integrada (IDI). Resultados: Se incluyeron 453 pacientes (39,3% varones, edad 64,9 [DE 9,3] años y evolución de DM2 de 10,4 [DE 7,5] años). Durante una mediana de 13 años de seguimiento, hubo incremento significativo de la tasa/1000 pacientes-año de MT (26,5 vs. 45,1 vs. 79,2 vs. 109,8; p<0,001) y de MCV (8,1 vs. 17,4 vs. 24,7 vs. 57,5; p<0,001) en las sucesivas categorías de riesgo KDIGO. En análisis multivariante también hubo incremento de riesgo de MT (HR[riesgo moderado]=1,29; HR[riesgo alto]=1,83; HR[riesgo muy alto]=2,15; p=0,016) y MCV (HR[riesgo moderado]=1,73; HR[riesgo alto]=2,27; HR[riesgo muy alto]=4,22; p=0,007) en las sucesivas categorías. La clasificación KDIGO mejoró la predicción de MT (IDI=0,00888; p=0,047) y MCV (IDI=0,01813; p=0,035). Conclusiones: La clasificación de riesgo según guías KDIGO 2012 puede estratificar eficazmente el riesgo de MT y MCV en pacientes con DM2

Background and aims: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of KDIGO 2012 risk classification to predict total and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Material and methods: Prospective cohort study that included DM2 patients. Clinical end-points were total and cardiovascular mortality. The main predictive variable was KDIGO risk classification, which is a combination of urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate. The predictive value was evaluated by the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) index. Results: 453 patients (39.3% males, aged 64.9 [SD 9.3] and with a mean diabetes duration of 10.4 [SD 7.5] years) were included. During a median follow-up of 13 years, mortality rates per 1000 patients/year (26.5 vs. 45.1 vs. 79,2 vs. 109,8; p<0,001) and cardiovascular mortality (8.1 vs. 17.4 vs. 24.7 vs. 57.5; p<0,001) were progressively increased in successive KDIGO categories. In the multivariate analysis, there was also a progressive increase of mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.29; HR[high risk])=1.83; HR[very high risk]=2.15; p=.016) and cardiovascular mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.73; HR[high risk]=2.27; HR[very high risk]=4.22; p=.007) in the successive categories. KDIGO classification was able to improve the mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.00888; p=.047) and cardiovascular mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.01813; p=.035). Conclusions: KDIGO risk classification can effectively stratify total and cardiovascular mortality risk in DM2 patients

Evaluación de la eficacia y la seguridad de un protocolo de manejo de pacientes con diabetes descompensada por glucocorticoides durante la hospitalización / Assessment of the efficacy and safety of a protocol to manage glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic patients during hospital stay

Introducción: No existen protocolos consensuados de manejo hospitalario de las descompensaciones hiperglucémicas inducidas por dosis farmacológicas de glucocorticoides (GC). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de un protocolo de insulinización específico para corticoides (PC) frente a un protocolo general (PG) en diabetes descompensada por GC (DDG). Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental con grupo control, no aleatorizado, en pacientes con DDG ingresados en neumología. Se compararon 2 protocolos (PC y PG), ambos basados en terapia basal-bolo pero con diferentes dosis y distribución de insulina. Se evaluó la diferencia de glucemia media (GM) durante la hospitalización entre el PC y el PG, así como el riesgo de presentar una GM > 200mg/dl, ajustado para potenciales factores de confusión (relacionados con el paciente y con la terapia de GC empleada). Resultados: Se incluyó a 131 pacientes, 60 asignados al PG y 71 al PC. Un 74% de los pacientes estaban ingresados por exacerbación de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Hubo diferencia significativa en la dosis total de insulina entre el PG y el PC (29,4 vs. 57,4 unidades; p < 0,0001). La diferencia ajustada de GM (PC-PG) fue de -14,8 (IC del 95%, -26,2 a -3,3) mg/dl. Los pacientes del PC tuvieron menor riesgo ajustado de presentar GM > 200mg/dl durante la hospitalización (OR = 0,31; IC del 95%, 0,11-0,91; p = 0,033). No hubo diferencias en el riesgo de hipoglucemia grave entre el PG y el PC (0% vs. 1,4%; p = 0,36). Conclusiones: El protocolo estudiado ha demostrado reducir la GM de pacientes con DDG durante la hospitalización sin comprometer su seguridad

Introduction: There are no agreed protocols on hospital management of hyperglycemic decompensation induced by pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids (GCs). The study objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of an insulin therapy protocol specific for patients treated with glucocorticoids (CP) as compared to a general protocol (GP) in diabetes decompensation secondary to glucocorticoids. Materials and methods: An experimental study in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensated diabetes admitted to a respiratory ward including a non-randomized control group. Two protocols (CP and GP), both based on basal-bolo insulin regimens, but with different insulin doses and distribution, were compared. The difference in mean blood glucose (MBG) levels between both protocols was measured during hospital stay, as was the risk of having MBG levels > 200mg/dL, adjusted for potential confounding factors (related to patients and to the glucocorticoid therapy used). Results: A total of 131 patients were included, 60 assigned to the GP and 71 to the CP groups. Seventy-four percent of patients had been admitted due to COPD exacerbation. There was a significant difference in the total daily insulin dose used between the CP and GP groups (29.4 vs. 57.4 IU; P<.0001). The adjusted difference in MBG levels (CP-GP) was -14.8 (95% CI, -26.2 to -3.3) mg/dL. Patients in the CP group had a lower adjusted risk of having MBG levels >200mg/dL during hospital admission (OR=0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.91; P=.033). There were no differences in the risk of severe hypoglycemia between the CP and GP groups (0% vs. 1.4%; P=.36). Conclusions: The study protocol has been shown to decrease MBG levels in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensation of diabetes during hospital admission without compromising their safety

Supervivencia y calidad de vida en pacientes ancianos en tratamiento renal conservador / Survival and quality of life in elderly patients in conservative management

Introducción: El tratamiento renal conservador (TRC) se ha convertido en una opción terapéutica en la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos. Se sabe poco sobre la evolución pronóstica de estos pacientes en términos de supervivencia y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Objetivo: Establecer variables predictivas de mortalidad y analizar la CVRS en los pacientes en TRC. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se realizó una valoración de parámetros de función renal y evaluación geriátrica integral: análisis de comorbilidad, situación funcional, cognitiva, fragilidad, nutricional, social y CVRS. Resultados: Se evaluaron 82 pacientes, con una edad media de 84 años e importante pluripatología: el 56% tenía antecedentes de evento vascular y Charlson > 8. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 23/1.000 pacientes-mes, con un ritmo de mortalidad homogéneo a partir de los 6 meses. La supervivencia difirió significativamente si presentaban evento vascular previo (36,7 vs. 14,8; p = 0,028), Charlson ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p = 0,002), grado de dependencia (48,4 vs. 19; p = 0,002) y fragilidad (27 vs. 10; p = 0,05). Fueron predictores de mortalidad: eFG y proteinuria, presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad de Charlson, parámetros de malnutrición-inflamación (albúmina y puntuación MNA), grado de dependencia, CVRS física y aumento de PTH. La presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad, albúmina descendida y elevación de PTH fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. La CVRS se mantuvo estable y no se produjo empeoramiento significativo durante el tratamiento. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los factores asociados con mortalidad y la evaluación de la CVRS puede ser útil como herramienta en la toma de decisiones en TRC. La presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad, albúmina disminuida y el aumento de PTH fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad

Introduction: Conservative Management (CM) has become a therapeutic option in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. However, there is a lack of evidence about prognosis of these patients in terms of survival and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Objective: Establish predictive variables associated with mortality and analyse HRQoL in CM patients. Patients and methods: Prospective cohort study. An assessment of renal function parameters and a comprehensive geriatric assessment were made, including: analysis of comorbidity, functional, cognitive, fragility, nutritional, social and HRQoL status. Results: 82 patients with a mean age of 84 years and significant pluripathology were studied: 56% had history of vascular event and Charlson > 8. The mortality rate was 23/1,000 patients per month, with a homogeneous mortality rate after 6 months. Survival differed significantly depending on whether they presented with a previous vascular event (36.7 vs. 14.8; p = 0.028), Charlson score ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p = 0.002), functional status (48.4 vs. 19; p = 0.002) and fragility (27 vs. 10; p = 0.05). Mortality predictors included eGFR and proteinuria, the presence of previous vascular events, Charlson comorbidity score, malnutrition-inflammation parameters (albumin and MNA score), degree of dependency, physical HRQoL and increase of PTH level. The presence of previous vascular event, comorbidity, decreased albumin and elevated PTH were independent predictors of mortality. HRQoL remained stable over time and no significant worsening occurred during treatment. Conclusions: Having knowledge of the factors associated with mortality and HRQoL assessment can be a useful tool to helping decision making during CM. Previous vascular events, comorbidity, decreased albumin and increased PTH were independent predictors of mortality

Survival and quality of life in elderly patients in conservative management. / Supervivencia y calidad de vida en pacientes ancianos en tratamiento renal conservador.

INTRODUCTION: Conservative Management (CM) has become a therapeutic option in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. However, there is a lack of evidence about prognosis of these patients in terms of survival and health related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE: Establish predictive variables associated with mortality and analyse HRQoL in CM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study. An assessment of renal function parameters and a comprehensive geriatric assessment were made, including: analysis of comorbidity, functional, cognitive, fragility, nutritional, social and HRQoL status. RESULTS: 82 patients with a mean age of 84 years and significant pluripathology were studied: 56% had history of vascular event and Charlson >8. The mortality rate was 23/1,000 patients per month, with a homogeneous mortality rate after 6 months. Survival differed significantly depending on whether they presented with a previous vascular event (36.7 vs. 14.8; p=0.028), Charlson score ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p=0.002), functional status (48.4 vs. 19; p=0.002) and fragility (27 vs. 10; p=0.05). Mortality predictors included eGFR and proteinuria, the presence of previous vascular events, Charlson comorbidity score, malnutrition-inflammation parameters (albumin and MNA score), degree of dependency, physical HRQoL and increase of PTH level. The presence of previous vascular event, comorbidity, decreased albumin and elevated PTH were independent predictors of mortality. HRQoL remained stable over time and no significant worsening occurred during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Having knowledge of the factors associated with mortality and HRQoL assessment can be a useful tool to helping decision making during CM. Previous vascular events, comorbidity, decreased albumin and increased PTH were independent predictors of mortality.

Total and cardiovascular mortality risk according to KDIGO guidelines classification in type 2 diabetic patients. / Riesgo de mortalidad total y cardiovascular según la clasificación propuesta por las guías KDIGO en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of KDIGO 2012 risk classification to predict total and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study that included DM2 patients. Clinical end-points were total and cardiovascular mortality. The main predictive variable was KDIGO risk classification, which is a combination of urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate. The predictive value was evaluated by the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) index. RESULTS: 453 patients (39.3% males, aged 64.9 [SD 9.3] and with a mean diabetes duration of 10.4 [SD 7.5] years) were included. During a median follow-up of 13 years, mortality rates per 1000 patients/year (26.5 vs. 45.1 vs. 79,2 vs. 109,8; p<0,001) and cardiovascular mortality (8.1 vs. 17.4 vs. 24.7 vs. 57.5; p<0,001) were progressively increased in successive KDIGO categories. In the multivariate analysis, there was also a progressive increase of mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.29; HR[high risk])=1.83; HR[very high risk]=2.15; p=.016) and cardiovascular mortality risk (HR[moderate risk]=1.73; HR[high risk]=2.27; HR[very high risk]=4.22; p=.007) in the successive categories. KDIGO classification was able to improve the mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.00888; p=.047) and cardiovascular mortality risk prediction (IDI=0.01813; p=.035). CONCLUSIONS: KDIGO risk classification can effectively stratify total and cardiovascular mortality risk in DM2 patients.

Assessment of the efficacy and safety of a protocol to manage glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in diabetic patients during hospital stay. / Evaluación de la eficacia y la seguridad de un protocolo de manejo de pacientes con diabetes descompensada por glucocorticoides durante la hospitalización.

INTRODUCTION: There are no agreed protocols on hospital management of hyperglycemic decompensation induced by pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids (GCs). The study objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of an insulin therapy protocol specific for patients treated with glucocorticoids (CP) as compared to a general protocol (GP) in diabetes decompensation secondary to glucocorticoids. Materials and methods An experimental study in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensated diabetes admitted to a respiratory ward including a non-randomized control group. Two protocols (CP and GP), both based on basal-bolo insulin regimens, but with different insulin doses and distribution, were compared. The difference in mean blood glucose (MBG) levels between both protocols was measured during hospital stay, as was the risk of having MBG levels > 200mg/dL, adjusted for potential confounding factors (related to patients and to the glucocorticoid therapy used). RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were included, 60 assigned to the GP and 71 to the CP groups. Seventy-four percent of patients had been admitted due to COPD exacerbation. There was a significant difference in the total daily insulin dose used between the CP and GP groups (29.4 vs. 57.4 IU; P<.0001). The adjusted difference in MBG levels (CP-GP) was -14.8 (95% CI, -26.2 to -3.3) mg/dL. Patients in the CP group had a lower adjusted risk of having MBG levels >200mg/dL during hospital admission (OR=0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.91; P=.033). There were no differences in the risk of severe hypoglycemia between the CP and GP groups (0% vs. 1.4%; P=.36). CONCLUSIONS: The study protocol has been shown to decrease MBG levels in patients with glucocorticoids-induced decompensation of diabetes during hospital admission without compromising their safety.

Mortality risk factors after percutaneous gastrostomy: Who is a good candidate?

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PG) is an effective and safe way for the delivery of enteral nutrition. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for mortality after PG placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational and analytical cohort study was conducted. All endoscopic or radiological percutaneous gastrostomy tubes placed between January 2009 and July 2016 were evaluated. Mortality was the dependent variable. Initial clinical and analytical patient features and the development of complications during follow-up were recorded. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the risk of mortality associated to the studied variables. Hazard ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were retrieved from these models. RESULTS: A total of 289 patients underwent PG placement (57% male). The mean age was 70.1 (SD 13.6) years. The median follow-up period was 8.7 (IQR 18) months. One hundred and seventy-four patients died during the follow-up period. The overall mortality rate was 4.8 per 100 patients-month. The highest mortality rate was during the first month after PG placement (13.2 per 100 patients-month), subsequently decreasing. Multivariate regression analysis showed that age (HR1year = 1.01; p = 0.015), Charlson comorbidity index ≥4 (HR = 1.69; p = 0.011), the presence of degenerative neurological disease (HR = 1.69; p = 0.012) or malignancy (HR = 2.02; p = 0.012) and the development of aspiration pneumonia during the follow-up period (HR = 3.29; p = 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictive risk factors associated with mortality. A model to predict survival probability prior to placing the PG was developed from the variables of the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Mortality after PG placement is high. Older age, higher comorbidity and the development of aspiration pneumonia are predictive factors for mortality. A more careful selection of candidates for PG placement should be done to improve the patient prognosis after the procedure.

Anestesia locorregional en una paciente adulta con síndrome de Prader-Willi: consideraciones anestésicas / Anesthetic consideration: Regional anesthesia with Prader-Willi

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disorder caused by a genetic alteration that causes a multisystem clinic. It can be due mainly to three genetic mechanisms; a paternal deletion of the 15q11-13 region, a maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect. The paternal deletion is observed in 70% of the patients, the disomy in 25% and the imprinting defect in only 5% of those affected by this syndrome. 1) It is the most common syndromic cause of obesity with an estimated prevalence in the population of 1: 50,000; 2) The clinic is very variable, which is why clinical criteria have been created that, supported by the genetic study, confirm the diagnosis; 3) They have difficulty feeding during lactation, which leads to hyperphagia in childhood that leads to obesity. In the adult stage, in addition to obesity, respiratory pathology, sleep disturbances and psychological disorders stand out; 4) Objective: the aim of the present review was to compile the cases recorded in the scientific literature of patients anesthetized with PWS and the anesthetic options used in said patients.

El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es un trastorno causado por una alteración genética que provoca una clínica multisistémica. Puede ser debido principalmente a tres mecanismos genéticos; una deleción paterna de la región 15q11-13, una disomía uniparental materna o un defecto de impronta. La deleción paterna se observa en el 70% de los pacientes, la disomía en el 25% y el defecto de impronta en tan solo el 5% de los afectados por este síndrome. 1) Constituye la causa sindrómica más frecuente de obesidad con una prevalencia estimada en la población de 1:50.000; 2) La clínica es muy variable por lo que se han creado unos criterios clínicos que apoyados por el estudio genético confirman el diagnóstico; 3) Presentan dificultad para la alimentación durante la lactancia, que da paso a una hiperfagia en la infancia que deriva en obesidad. En la etapa adulta, además de la obesidad destacan la patología respiratoria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos psicológicos; 4) Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar los casos registrados en la literatura científica de pacientes anestesiados con SPW y las opciones anestésicas utilizadas en dichos pacientes.

Asociación de un cribado positivo para disfagia con el estado nutricional y la mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados / Association of positive screening for dysphagia with nutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalized elderly patients

Objetivos: Evaluar la prevalencia de disfagia orofaríngea (DO) mediante el Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) y su asociación con desnutrición y mortalidad a largo plazo. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes hospitalizados en medicina interna. En las primeras 48h del ingreso de los pacientes se evaluó la DO mediante el test EAT-10 y la presencia de desnutrición con el Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Se estudió la asociación de la presencia de DO con la desnutrición y la mortalidad a largo plazo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 90 pacientes con una edad media de 83 (DE: 11,74) años. El 56,7% (n=51) presentaron riesgo de DO según EAT-10. Este grupo de pacientes presentó mayores prevalencias de desnutrición (88,2% vs. 48,7%; p=0,001) y mortalidad (70% vs 35,9%; p=0,001). Durante un seguimiento de 872,71 (DE: 642,89) días el riesgo de DO según EAT-10 fue un factor predictivo independiente de mortalidad en análisis multivariante (HR: 2,8; IC95%: 1,49-5,28; p=0,001). Conclusiones: El test EAT-10 es una herramienta útil en el cribado de la DO. Es importante realizar un cribado adecuado de DO debido a los riesgos asociados de desnutrición y mortalidad a largo plazo que conlleva

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and its association with malnutrition and long-term mortality. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward. In the first 48hours after hospital admission, OD was assessed using the EAT-10, and presence of malnutrition with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Association of OD to malnutrition and long-term mortality was analyzed. Results: Ninety patients with a mean age of 83 (SD: 11.8) years were enrolled. Of these, 56.7% were at risk of OD according to EAT-10. This group of patients had greater prevalence rates of malnutrition (88.2% vs. 48.7%; P=.001) and mortality (70% vs 35.9%; P=.001). During follow-up for 872.71 (SD: 642.89) days, risk of DO according to EAT-10 was an independent predictor of mortality factor in a multivariate analysis (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.49-5.28; P=.001). Conclusions: The EAT-10 is a useful tool for screening OD. Adequate screening for OD is important because of its associated risks of malnutrition and long-term mortality

Influencia de los niveles de ácido úrico sobre el riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 / Impact of uric acid levels on the risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Antecedentes: La hiperuricemia se asocia a enfermedad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, la contribución del ácido úrico (AU) sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular (MCV) en pacientes diabéticos es controvertida. Objetivo: Evaluar la contribución del AU al riesgo de MCV en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 (DM2). Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó a pacientes con DM2 atendidos en consultas externas hospitalarias. Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y bioquímicas, incluidos niveles de AU, excreción de albúmina urinaria y tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG). La contribución independiente del AU a la MCV se evaluó con modelos de regresión de Cox con ajuste progresivo para potenciales factores de confusión. Resultados: Se incluyó a 452 pacientes con edad media de 65,9 años (DE 9,5). La media de AU fue de 4,2mg/dl y los cuartiles (Q) de AU fueron: Q1<3,3; Q2: 3,3-4,2; Q3: 4,3-5,1; Q4>5,1mg/dl. La correlación entre AU y TFG fue significativa (Rho = −0,227; p<0,001). Durante una mediana de 13 años de seguimiento las tasas de MCV fueron más elevadas en el Q4 de la distribución de AU (Q1: 10,7; Q2: 11,7; Q3: 10,7 y Q4: 21,6 por cada 1.000 pacientes/año; p=0,027). El AU fue un factor predictor de MCV en análisis univariante (HR1mg/dl=1,30; p=0,002), pero no en multivariante ajustado para la excreción de albúmina urinaria y TFG (HR1mg/dl=1,20; p= 0,12). Discusión y conclusiones: Los niveles de AU se asocian a incremento de MCV en pacientes con DM2. No obstante, la asociación puede no ser causal, sino mediada por la afectación de la función renal en los pacientes con hiperuricemia

Background: Hyperuricemia is associated to cardiovascular disease. However, the contribution of uric acid (UA) to cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients is controversial. Objective: To assess the impact of UA levels on the risk of cardiovascular mortality risk in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and methods: A prospective cohort study on outpatients with T2DM. The clinical endpoint was cardiovascular death. Anthropometric, demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables were collected, including UA levels, urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The independent contribution of UA levels to cardiovascular mortality was assessed using multivariate Cox regression models, progressively adjusted for potential confounders. Results: A total of 452 patients with a mean age of 65.9 (SD 9.5) years were enrolled. Mean UA level was 4.2mg/dL. Quartiles of UA levels were Q1 < 3.3; Q2: 3.3-4.2; Q3: 4.3-5.1; Q4 > 5.1mg/dL. UA levels significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Rho=−0.227; p<0.001). During a median follow-up time of 13 years, cardiovascular mortality rates were higher in Q4 of the UA distribution (Q1: 10.7; Q2: 11.7; Q3: 10.7; Q4: 21.6 per 1000 patient-years; p = 0.027). UA was a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the univariate analysis (HR1mg/dL = 1.30; p=0.002), but not in a multivariate analysis adjusted for urinary albumin excretion and eGFR (HR1mg/dL=1.20; p=0.12). Discussion and conclusions: High UA levels are associated to cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM. However, the role of UA may be mediated by impaired kidney function in patients with hyperuricemia

Association of positive screening for dysphagia with nutritional status and long-term mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. / Asociación de un cribado positivo para disfagia con el estado nutricional y la mortalidad a largo plazo en pacientes ancianos hospitalizados.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and its association with malnutrition and long-term mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward. In the first 48hours after hospital admission, OD was assessed using the EAT-10, and presence of malnutrition with the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF). Association of OD to malnutrition and long-term mortality was analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety patients with a mean age of 83 (SD: 11.8) years were enrolled. Of these, 56.7% were at risk of OD according to EAT-10. This group of patients had greater prevalence rates of malnutrition (88.2% vs. 48.7%; P=.001) and mortality (70% vs 35.9%; P=.001). During follow-up for 872.71 (SD: 642.89) days, risk of DO according to EAT-10 was an independent predictor of mortality factor in a multivariate analysis (HR: 2.8; 95%CI: 1.49-5.28; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-10 is a useful tool for screening OD. Adequate screening for OD is important because of its associated risks of malnutrition and long-term mortality.

Impact of uric acid levels on the risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Influencia de los niveles de ácido úrico sobre el riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is associated to cardiovascular disease. However, the contribution of uric acid (UA) to cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of UA levels on the risk of cardiovascular mortality risk in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study on outpatients with T2DM. The clinical endpoint was cardiovascular death. Anthropometric, demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables were collected, including UA levels, urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The independent contribution of UA levels to cardiovascular mortality was assessed using multivariate Cox regression models, progressively adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 452 patients with a mean age of 65.9 (SD 9.5) years were enrolled. Mean UA level was 4.2mg/dL. Quartiles of UA levels were Q1 < 3.3; Q2: 3.3-4.2; Q3: 4.3-5.1; Q4 > 5.1mg/dL. UA levels significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Rho=-0.227; p<0.001). During a median follow-up time of 13 years, cardiovascular mortality rates were higher in Q4 of the UA distribution (Q1: 10.7; Q2: 11.7; Q3: 10.7; Q4: 21.6 per 1000 patient-years; p = 0.027). UA was a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the univariate analysis (HR1mg/dL = 1.30; p=0.002), but not in a multivariate analysis adjusted for urinary albumin excretion and eGFR (HR1mg/dL=1.20; p=0.12). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: High UA levels are associated to cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM. However, the role of UA may be mediated by impaired kidney function in patients with hyperuricemia.